Sandisk Ultra Usb 3.0 Flash Drive Driver Download Mac

Data storage device

"Jump drive" redirects here. For the fictional space travel method, see Hyperspace. For the flash drive make, see Lexar.

A SanDisk Cruzer USB drive from 2011, with 4 GB of storage capacity

A SanDisk Ultra Flair USB drive from 2020, fastened with an HP Laptop

A USB wink drive (also called a pollex drive) [1] [note 1] is a data storage device that includes wink memory with an integrated USB interface. It is typically removable, rewritable and much smaller than an optical disc. Most weigh less than 30 g (1 oz). Since first appearing on the marketplace in late 2000, as with virtually all other estimator memory devices, storage capacities accept risen while prices have dropped. As of March 2016 [update] , flash drives with anywhere from 8 to 256 gigabytes (GB [4] ) were oftentimes sold, while 512 GB and oneterabyte (TB [5] ) units were less frequent. [6] [seven] As of 2018, two TB wink drives were the largest bachelor in terms of storage capacity. [8] Some allow up to 100,000 write/erase cycles, depending on the exact type of memory chip used, and are thought to physically last between 10 and 100 years nether normal circumstances (shelf storage time [9] ).

Common uses of USB wink drives are for storage, supplementary back-ups, and transferring of calculator files. Compared with floppy disks or CDs, they are smaller, faster, accept significantly more capacity, and are more durable due to a lack of moving parts. Additionally, they are less vulnerable to electromagnetic interference than floppy disks, and are unharmed past surface scratches (dissimilar CDs). Nevertheless, as with whatever flash storage, data loss from bit leaking due to prolonged lack of electric power and the possibility of spontaneous controller failure due to poor manufacturing could get in unsuitable for long-term archival of data. The ability to retain data is affected by the controller's firmware, internal data back-up, and error correction algorithms. [10] [11]

Until about 2005, nearly desktop and laptop computers were supplied with floppy deejay drives in addition to USB ports, simply floppy deejay drives became obsolete after widespread adoption of USB ports and the larger USB drive capacity compared to the "one.44 megabyte" (1440 kibibyte) iii.5-inch floppy deejay.

USB flash drives use the USB mass storage device class standard, supported natively past modern operating systems such as Windows, Linux, macOS and other Unix-like systems, as well as many BIOS boot ROMs. USB drives with USB two.0 back up tin can store more data and transfer faster than much larger optical disc drives similar CD-RW or DVD-RW drives and can be read by many other systems such as the Xbox One, PlayStation 4, DVD players, machine entertainment systems, and in a number of handheld devices such as smartphones and tablet computers, though the electronically similar SD menu is amend suited for those devices, due to their standardized form factor, which allows it to be housed inside a device without protruding.

A flash drive consists of a minor printed circuit board carrying the circuit elements and a USB connector, insulated electrically and protected within a plastic, metal, or rubberized case, which can be carried in a pocket or on a fundamental concatenation, for instance. Some are equipped with an I/O indication LED that lights upward or blinks upon access. The USB connector may exist protected by a removable cap or by retracting into the body of the bulldoze, although it is not likely to exist damaged if unprotected. Most flash drives employ a standard type-A USB connection assuasive connection with a port on a personal computer, but drives for other interfaces also exist (eastward.g. micro-USB and USB-C ports). USB flash drives draw power from the computer via the USB connection. Some devices combine the functionality of a portable media player with USB flash storage; they require a battery only when used to play music on the get.

History [ edit ]

The ground for USB flash drives is wink retentivity, a blazon of floating-gate semiconductor retention invented by Fujio Masuoka in the early 1980s. Flash memory uses floating-gate MOSFET transistors as memory cells. [12] [13]

Multiple individuals have staked a claim to existence the inventor of the USB flash bulldoze. On April v, 1999, Amir Ban, Dov Moran, and Oron Ogdan of M-Systems, an Israeli company, filed a patent application entitled "Architecture for a Universal Serial Bus-Based PC Flash Disk". [xiv] [3] The patent was afterward granted on November 14, 2000 and these individuals have oft been recognized equally the inventors of the USB flash drive. [xv] Also in 1999, Shimon Shmueli, an engineer at IBM, submitted an invention disclosure asserting that he had invented the USB flash drive. [3] [sixteen] A Singaporean company named Trek 2000 International is the first visitor known to accept sold a USB flash bulldoze, and has also maintained that it is the original inventor of the device. [17] Finally Pua Khein-Seng, a Malaysian engineer, has as well been recognized by some every bit a possible inventor of the device. [eighteen]

Given these competing claims to inventorship, patent disputes involving the USB flash bulldoze take arisen over the years. Both Trek 2000 International and Netac Engineering have accused others of infringing their patents on the USB flash drive. [nineteen] [20] [21] Nevertheless, despite these lawsuits, the question of who was the starting time to invent the USB flash drive has not been definitively settled and multiple claims persist.

Technology improvements [ edit ]

Wink drives are often measured by the rate at which they transfer information. Transfer rates may be given in megabytes per 2d (MB/s), megabits per second (Mbit/south), or in optical drive multipliers such every bit "180X" (180 times 150KiB/s). [22] File transfer rates vary considerably amid devices. Second generation flash drives have claimed to read at up to 30 MB/south and write at well-nigh half that charge per unit, which was about 20 times faster than the theoretical transfer rate doable by the previous model, USB 1.one, which is express to 12 Mbit/s (ane.v MB/s) with deemed overhead. [23] The constructive transfer rate of a device is significantly affected past the data access design. [24]

By 2002, USB flash drives had USB two.0 connectivity, which has 480Mbit/s as the transfer charge per unit upper leap; later accounting for the protocol overhead that translates to a 35MB/s effective throughput. [25] That same year, Intel sparked widespread utilize of 2d generation USB by including them within its laptops. [26]

Past 2010, the maximum bachelor storage capacity for the devices had reached up of 128 GB. [27] USB 3.0 was slow to appear in laptops. Through 2010, the majority of laptop models nonetheless contained only USB 2.0. [26]

In January 2013, tech company Kingston, released a wink drive with 1 TB of storage. [28] The first USB 3.1 type-C flash drives, with read/write speeds of around 530 MB/south, were announced in March 2015. [29] By July 2016, flash drives with 8 to 256 GB chapters were sold more ofttimes than those with capacities between 512 GB and one TB. [6] [vii] In 2017, Kingston Applied science appear the release of a 2-TB flash drive. [30] In 2018, SanDisk announced a 1TB USB-C flash drive, the smallest of its kind. [31]

Usbkey internals.jpg
Internals of a typical USB flash drive

1 USB Standard-A, "male" plug
ii USB mass storage controller device
iii Test point
four Flash memory fleck
five Crystal oscillator
half dozen LED (Optional)
7 Write-protect switch (Optional)
8 Space for 2d flash memory chip

On a USB wink drive, one end of the device is fitted with a single Standard-A USB plug; some flash drives additionally offer a micro USB or USB-C plug, facilitating data transfers betwixt different devices. [32]

Technology [ edit ]

On a USB flash bulldoze, one end of the device is fitted with a unmarried USB plug; some flash drives additionally offer a micro USB plug, facilitating data transfers betwixt different devices.

Inside the casing is a small printed circuit board, which has some ability circuitry and a small number of surface-mounted integrated circuits (ICs).[ citation needed ] Typically, one of these ICs provides an interface between the USB connector and the onboard retentivity, while the other is the flash memory. Drives typically use the USB mass storage device class to communicate with the host. [33]

Wink memory [ edit ]

Flash memory combines a number of older technologies, with lower toll, lower ability consumption and small size made possible by advances in semiconductor device fabrication applied science. The retentiveness storage was based on earlier EPROM and EEPROM technologies. These had limited capacity, were slow for both reading and writing, required complex high-voltage drive circuitry, and could be re-written but after erasing the entire contents of the chip.

Hardware designers later developed EEPROMs with the erasure region broken upward into smaller "fields" that could exist erased individually without affecting the others. Altering the contents of a particular memory location involved copying the unabridged field into an off-chip buffer retentivity, erasing the field, modifying the data every bit required in the buffer, and re-writing it into the same field. This required considerable reckoner back up, and PC-based EEPROM flash memory systems often carried their own dedicated microprocessor organisation. Flash drives are more than or less a miniaturized version of this.

The development of high-speed series data interfaces such as USB made semiconductor memory systems with serially accessed storage viable, and the simultaneous development of small, high-speed, depression-ability microprocessor systems allowed this to be incorporated into extremely compact systems. Serial admission requires far fewer electrical connections for the retentiveness chips than does parallel admission, which has simplified the industry of multi-gigabyte drives.

Computers access modern [update] flash retentivity systems very much like hard disk drive drives, where the controller system has full control over where data is really stored. The actual EEPROM writing and erasure processes are, even so, still very like to the earlier systems described to a higher place.

Many low-price MP3 players merely add extra software and a battery to a standard wink retentiveness command microprocessor and so information technology tin can also serve as a music playback decoder. Most of these players can also be used as a conventional flash drive, for storing files of any type.

Essential components [ edit ]

The internal mechanical and electronic parts of a Kingston two GB flash drive

At that place are typically 5 parts to a flash drive:

  • USB plug – provides a physical interface to the host computer. Some USB flash drives apply USB plug that does not protect the contacts, with the possibility of plugging it into the USB port in the wrong orientation, if the connector type is not symmetrical.
  • USB mass storage controller – a small microcontroller with a minor amount of on-flake ROM and RAM.
  • NAND wink retention chip(s) – stores information (NAND flash is typically also used in digital cameras).
  • Crystal oscillator – produces the device'due south chief clock betoken and controls the device's data output through a stage-locked loop.
  • Cover – typically made of plastic or metal, protecting the electronics against mechanical stress and even possible short circuits.

Additional components [ edit ]

The typical device may as well include:

The front end and rear side of a USB flash bulldoze with the casing removed

  • Jumpers and examination pins – for testing during the flash drive'south manufacturing or loading code into its microcontroller.
  • LEDs – indicate data transfers or data reads and writes.
  • Write-protect switches – Enable or disable writing of data into retention.
  • Unpopulated space – provides infinite to include a second memory chip. Having this second infinite allows the manufacturer to employ a single printed circuit board for more than one storage size device.
  • USB connector encompass or cap – reduces the risk of damage, prevents the entry of dirt or other contaminants, and improves overall device appearance. Some flash drives utilize retractable USB connectors instead. Others have a swivel arrangement so that the connector can exist protected without removing anything.
  • Transport aid – the cap or the body often contains a hole suitable for connectedness to a key chain or lanyard. Connecting the cap, rather than the body, can permit the drive itself to be lost.
  • Some drives offering expandable storage via an internal memory card slot, much like a memory bill of fare reader. [34] [35]

Size and fashion of packaging [ edit ]

Flash drives come in various shapes and sizes, sometimes bulky or novelty, such equally the shape of ikura gunkan-maki.

A USB flash bulldoze in the shape of a key

Assortment of USB flash drives

Almost USB flash drives weigh less than 30 thousand (one oz). [36] While some manufacturers are competing for the smallest size, [37] with the biggest memory, offering drives only a few millimeters larger than the USB plug itself, [38] some manufacturers differentiate their products past using elaborate housings, which are frequently bulky and brand the bulldoze difficult to connect to the USB port. Because the USB port connectors on a computer housing are frequently closely spaced, plugging a flash bulldoze into a USB port may block an next port. Such devices may carry the USB logo merely if sold with a separate extension cable. Such cables are USB-compatible but do not conform to the USB standard. [39] [40]

USB wink drives have been integrated into other commonly carried items, such as watches, pens, laser pointers, and even the Swiss Army Knife; others have been fitted with novelty cases such as toy cars or Lego bricks. USB wink drives with images of dragons, cats or aliens are very popular in Asia. [41] The modest size, robustness and cheapness of USB flash drives make them an increasingly pop peripheral for example modding.

File organisation [ edit ]

Most flash drives send preformatted with the FAT32, or exFAT file systems. The ubiquity of the FAT32 file system allows the drive to be accessed on well-nigh any host device with USB back up. Too, standard FAT maintenance utilities (e.g., ScanDisk) tin can exist used to repair or retrieve corrupted data. Nevertheless, because a flash drive appears as a USB-continued hard bulldoze to the host organization, the drive can be reformatted to any file system supported by the host operating system.

Defragmenting [ edit ]

Wink drives tin can be defragmented. In that location is a widespread opinion that defragmenting brings picayune reward (every bit there is no mechanical head that moves from fragment to fragment), and that defragmenting shortens the life of the drive past making many unnecessary writes. [42] However, some sources claim [43] that defragmenting a flash drive can improve performance (by and large due to improved caching of the clustered information), and the boosted clothing on wink drives may not be significant.

Even distribution [ edit ]

Some file systems are designed to distribute usage over an entire memory device without concentrating usage on any office (e.g., for a directory) to prolong the life of unproblematic flash memory devices. Some USB flash drives have this 'habiliment leveling' feature built into the software controller to prolong device life, while others practise not, so it is not necessarily helpful to install 1 of these file systems. [44]

Hard disk [ edit ]

Sectors are 512 bytes long, for compatibility with hard disk drives, and the start sector can incorporate a master kick record and a partition table. Therefore, USB wink units can be partitioned just like hard disk drives.

Longevity [ edit ]

The memory in flash drives was commonly engineered with multi-level jail cell (MLC) based memory that is good for around 3,000-five,000 plan-erase cycles. [45] Present Triple-level Jail cell (TLC) is likewise ofttimes used, which has up to 500 write cycles per physical sector, while some loftier-end flash drives have unmarried-level cell (SLC) based memory that is good for around 30,000 writes. [46] There is virtually no limit to the number of reads from such wink memory, so a well-worn USB drive may be write-protected to aid ensure the life of individual cells.

Estimation of flash memory endurance is a challenging subject that depends on the SLC/MLC/TLC memory type, size of the flash memory fries, and actual usage pattern. As a result, a USB flash drive tin last from a few days to several hundred years. [47]

Regardless of the endurance of the retentiveness itself, the USB connector hardware is specified to withstand only effectually 1,500 insert-removal cycles. [48]

Counterfeit products [ edit ]

Counterfeit USB flash drives are sometimes sold with claims of having higher capacities than they actually have. These are typically low chapters USB drives whose flash retentivity controller firmware is modified and then that they emulate larger capacity drives (for example, a 2 GB drive being marketed every bit a 64 GB bulldoze). When plugged into a reckoner, they report themselves as being the larger capacity they were sold as, but when data is written to them, either the write fails, the bulldoze freezes up, or it overwrites existing data. Software tools exist to check and detect false USB drives, [49] [50] and in some cases it is possible to repair these devices to remove the fake chapters information and employ its real storage limit. [51]

File transfer speeds [ edit ]

Transfer speeds are technically determined by the slowest of three factors: the USB version used, the speed in which the USB controller device tin read and write data onto the wink memory, and the speed of the hardware bus, peculiarly in the case of add-on USB ports.

USB flash drives usually specify their read and write speeds in megabytes per 2d (MB/southward); read speed is normally faster. These speeds are for optimal conditions; real-world speeds are commonly slower. In particular, circumstances that oftentimes lead to speeds much lower than advertised are transfer (specially writing) of many modest files rather than a few very big ones, and mixed reading and writing to the same device.

In a typical well-conducted review of a number of loftier-performance USB three.0 drives, a bulldoze that could read large files at 68 MB/southward and write at 46 MB/s, could only manage 14 MB/due south and 0.3 MB/south with many small files. When combining streaming reads and writes the speed of another bulldoze, that could read at 92 MB/south and write at 70 MB/southward, was 8 MB/s. These differences differ radically from ane drive to another; some drives could write modest files at over 10% of the speed for big ones. The examples given are chosen to illustrate extremes. [52]

Uses [ edit ]

Personal data transport [ edit ]

The most common use of wink drives is to send and store personal files, such as documents, pictures and videos. Individuals likewise shop medical information on flash drives for emergencies and disaster preparation.

Secure storage of data, application and software files [ edit ]

With broad deployment(s) of flash drives being used in various environments (secured or otherwise), the issue of data and information security remains important. The use of biometrics and encryption is condign the norm with the need for increased security for data; on-the-fly encryption systems are particularly useful in this regard, every bit they tin can transparently encrypt large amounts of data. In some cases a secure USB drive may use a hardware-based encryption mechanism that uses a hardware module instead of software for strongly encrypting data. IEEE 1667 is an endeavor to create a generic hallmark platform for USB drives. Information technology is supported in Windows 7 and Windows Vista (Service Pack ii with a hotfix). [53]

Computer forensics and law enforcement [ edit ]

A contempo development for the apply of a USB Flash Drive every bit an application carrier is to conduct the Computer Online Forensic Evidence Extractor (COFEE) application developed by Microsoft. COFEE is a prepare of applications designed to search for and extract digital evidence on computers confiscated from suspects. [54] Forensic software is required not to change, in whatsoever way, the information stored on the computer beingness examined. Other forensic suites run from CD-ROM or DVD-ROM, simply cannot store data on the media they are run from (although they can write to other attached devices, such as external drives or memory sticks).

Updating motherboard firmware [ edit ]

Motherboard firmware (including BIOS and UEFI) tin be updated using USB flash drives. Usually, new firmware image is downloaded and placed onto a FAT16- or FAT32-formatted USB flash drive continued to a system which is to be updated, and path to the new firmware image is selected within the update component of system's firmware. [55] Some motherboard manufacturers are also allowing such updates to be performed without the need for inbound system'due south firmware update component, making it possible to easily recover systems with corrupted firmware. [56]

Also, HP has introduced a USB floppy bulldoze key, which is an ordinary USB flash bulldoze with boosted possibility for performing floppy drive emulation, allowing its usage for updating system firmware where direct usage of USB flash drives is not supported. Desired manner of performance (either regular USB mass storage device or of floppy drive emulation) is made selectable past a sliding switch on the device'south housing. [57] [58]

Booting operating systems [ edit ]

Well-nigh electric current PC firmware permits booting from a USB drive, assuasive the launch of an operating arrangement from a bootable flash bulldoze. Such a configuration is known as a Alive USB. [59]

Original flash memory designs had very limited estimated lifetimes. The failure mechanism for flash retentiveness cells is analogous to a metallic fatigue way; the device fails by refusing to write new data to specific cells that accept been discipline to many read-write cycles over the device'south lifetime. Premature failure of a "live USB" could exist circumvented by using a flash drive with a write-lock switch every bit a WORM device, identical to a live CD. Originally, this potential failure mode express the utilize of "live USB" system to special-purpose applications or temporary tasks, such as:

  • Loading a minimal, hardened kernel for embedded applications (e.chiliad., network router, firewall).
  • Bootstrapping an operating organization install or disk cloning operation, ofttimes across a network.
  • Maintenance tasks, such as virus scanning or low-level data repair, without the primary host operating system loaded.

As of 2011 [update] , newer flash memory designs take much higher estimated lifetimes. Several manufacturers are now offering warranties of v years or more. Such warranties should make the device more than bonny for more applications. Past reducing the probability of the device's premature failure, wink memory devices can at present exist considered for use where a magnetic disk would normally accept been required. Flash drives have likewise experienced an exponential growth in their storage capacity over time (post-obit the Moore's Police growth curve). As of 2013, single-packaged devices with capacities of 1TB are readily available, [60] and devices with 16 GB chapters are very economical. Storage capacities in this range take traditionally been considered to offer acceptable space, because they allow enough space for both the operating arrangement software and some costless space for the user's data.

Operating system installation media [ edit ]

Installers of some operating systems can be stored to a flash drive instead of a CD or DVD, including various Linux distributions, Windows 7 and newer versions, and macOS. In particular, Mac Bone X 10.seven is distributed only online, through the Mac App Shop, or on wink drives; for a MacBook Air with Boot Military camp and no external optical drive, a flash drive can be used to run installation of Windows or Linux.

Nevertheless, for installation of Windows 7 and later versions, using USB flash drive with hard disk bulldoze emulation as detected in PC'southward firmware is recommended in society to boot from it. Transcend is the only manufacturer of USB wink drives containing such feature.

Furthermore, for installation of Windows XP, using USB flash bulldoze with storage limit of at about 2 GB is recommended in club to boot from it.

Windows ReadyBoost [ edit ]

In Windows Vista and afterward versions, ReadyBoost feature allows wink drives (from 4 GB in example of Windows Vista) to augment operating arrangement memory. [61]

Application carriers [ edit ]

Flash drives are used to acquit applications that run on the host calculator without requiring installation. While any standalone application tin in principle be used this way, many programs store data, configuration data, etc. on the hard drive and registry of the host computer.

The U3 visitor works with drive makers (parent company SanDisk likewise as others) to deliver custom versions of applications designed for Microsoft Windows from a special flash drive; U3-uniform devices are designed to autoload a card when plugged into a computer running Windows. Applications must be modified for the U3 platform non to go out any information on the host machine. U3 also provides a software framework for independent software vendors interested in their platform.

Ceedo is an culling production, with the primal departure that it does not require Windows applications to be modified in society for them to be carried and run on the bulldoze.

Similarly, other application virtualization solutions and portable application creators, such as VMware ThinApp (for Windows) or RUNZ (for Linux) tin can exist used to run software from a wink bulldoze without installation.

In October 2010, Apple tree Inc. released their newest iteration of the MacBook Air, which had the system's restore files contained on a USB hard bulldoze rather than the traditional install CDs, due to the Air not coming with an optical drive. [62]

A wide range of portable applications which are all free of charge, and able to run off a computer running Windows without storing anything on the host estimator'due south drives or registry, can exist found in the listing of portable software.

Fill-in [ edit ]

Some value-added resellers are at present using a flash drive as part of pocket-size-business turnkey solutions (east.g., point-of-sale systems). The drive is used as a backup medium: at the close of business each night, the drive is inserted, and a database backup is saved to the drive. Alternatively, the drive tin be left inserted through the business organisation day, and data regularly updated. In either case, the drive is removed at dark and taken offsite.

  • This is simple for the end-user, and more likely to exist done.
  • The drive is minor and convenient, and more likely to be carried off-site for safety.
  • The drives are less delicate mechanically and magnetically than tapes.
  • The capacity is oftentimes large enough for several backup images of critical data.
  • Wink drives are cheaper than many other backup systems.

Flash drives also have disadvantages. They are like shooting fish in a barrel to lose and facilitate unauthorized backups. A bottom setback for wink drives is that they have only one tenth the capacity of hard drives manufactured around their time of distribution.

Password Reset Disk [ edit ]

Password Reset Disk is a feature of the Windows operating system. If a user sets upwardly a Password Reset Disk, it can be used to reset the password on the reckoner it was set up up on.

Sound players [ edit ]

A gimmicky thumb drive styled solid-state digital sound role player (Sony Walkman B180 Series)

Many companies brand small-scale solid-land digital audio players, substantially producing flash drives with sound output and a simple user interface. Examples include the Creative MuVo, Philips GoGear and the first generation iPod shuffle. Some of these players are true USB flash drives too as music players; others do non support general-purpose information storage. Other applications requiring storage, such as digital voice or sound recording, tin also exist combined with flash drive functionality. [63]

Many of the smallest players are powered by a permanently fitted rechargeable battery, charged from the USB interface. Fancier devices that part equally a digital audio thespian have a USB host port (blazon A female typically).

Media storage and marketing [ edit ]

The German band Wizo's Stick EP, released in 2004, was the kickoff anthology released on a USB stick.

Digital audio files can be transported from one calculator to another like whatsoever other file, and played on a uniform media histrion (with caveats for DRM-locked files). In improver, many dwelling house Hullo-Fi and car stereo caput units are at present equipped with a USB port. This allows a USB flash bulldoze containing media files in a multifariousness of formats to be played direct on devices which support the format. Some LCD monitors for consumer HDTV viewing have a dedicated USB port through which music and video files can as well exist played without employ of a personal computer.

Artists have sold or given abroad USB wink drives, with the first instance believed to be in 2004 when the German punk ring Wizo released the Stick EP, only as a USB drive. In addition to five high-bitrate MP3s, it too included a video, pictures, lyrics, and guitar tablature. [64] Afterward, artists including Nine Inch Nails and Kylie Minogue [65] have released music and promotional material on USB flash drives. The offset USB album to be released in the Uk was Kiss Does... Rave , a compilation anthology released past the Buss Network in Apr 2007. [66]

Brand and product promotion [ edit ]

The availability of inexpensive flash drives has enabled them to exist used for promotional and marketing purposes, especially inside technical and estimator-industry circles (due east.thou., technology trade shows). They may be given away for complimentary, sold at less than wholesale toll, or included as a bonus with another purchased product.

Usually, such drives volition be custom-stamped with a visitor's logo, every bit a form of advertising. The drive may be blank, or preloaded with graphics, documentation, spider web links, Flash blitheness or other multimedia, and gratuitous or demonstration software. Some preloaded drives are read-simply, while others are configured with both read-simply and user-writable segments. Such dual-partition drives are more than expensive. [67]

Flash drives can be fix to automatically launch stored presentations, websites, manufactures, and any other software immediately on insertion of the drive using the Microsoft Windows AutoRun feature. [68] Autorunning software this style does not work on all computers, and information technology is ordinarily disabled by security-witting users.

Arcades [ edit ]

In the arcade game In the Groove and more unremarkably In The Groove ii , wink drives are used to transfer high scores, screenshots, trip the light fantastic edits, and combos throughout sessions. As of software revision 21 (R21), players can also store custom songs and play them on whatever machine on which this feature is enabled. While employ of flash drives is mutual, the drive must be Linux compatible.[ commendation needed ]

In the arcade games Pump it Up NX2 and Pump information technology Upwards NXA , a specially produced flash drive is used every bit a "salve file" for unlocked songs, likewise as for progressing in the WorldMax and Brain Shower sections of the game.[ citation needed ]

In the arcade game Dance Trip the light fantastic Revolution X , an sectional USB flash drive was made by Konami for the purpose of the link feature from its Sony PlayStation 2 counterpart. However, any USB flash drive can be used in this arcade game.[ commendation needed ]

Conveniences [ edit ]

Flash drives utilize petty power, have no fragile moving parts, and for most capacities are small and low-cal. Data stored on flash drives is impervious to mechanical shock, magnetic fields, scratches and grit. These properties brand them suitable for transporting data from place to identify and keeping the data readily at hand.

Wink drives also store data densely compared to many removable media. In mid-2009, 256 GB drives became bachelor, with the ability to concord many times more data than a DVD (54 DVDs) or even a Blu-ray (10 BDs). [69]

Flash drives implement the USB mass storage device grade so that well-nigh mod operating systems can read and write to them without installing device drivers. The wink drives present a unproblematic block-structured logical unit to the host operating system, hiding the private complex implementation details of the diverse underlying flash memory devices. The operating organization can utilise any file organisation or block addressing scheme. Some computers can boot up from flash drives.

Specially manufactured flash drives are bachelor that have a tough rubber or metal casing designed to be waterproof and virtually "unbreakable". These flash drives retain their memory after existence submerged in h2o, and fifty-fifty through a automobile wash. Leaving such a flash drive out to dry completely before allowing electric current to run through it has been known to result in a working drive with no future problems. Channel 5's Gadget Show cooked ane of these wink drives with propane, froze it with dry out ice, submerged it in various acidic liquids, ran over it with a jeep and fired it against a wall with a mortar. A company specializing in recovering lost data from computer drives managed to recover all the information on the drive. [70] All information on the other removable storage devices tested, using optical or magnetic technologies, were destroyed.

Comparison with other portable storage [ edit ]

Punched cards in storage at a U.Southward. Federal records center in 1959. All the information visible here could fit on a unmarried flash drive.

Tape [ edit ]

The applications of electric current data tape cartridges hardly overlap those of flash drives: on tape, price per gigabyte is very low for big volumes, but the individual drives and media are expensive. Media take a very loftier capacity and very fast transfer speeds, but store information sequentially and are very slow for random access of information. While disk-based backup is now the principal medium of pick for most companies, record backup is still pop for taking data off-site for worst-case scenarios and for very large volumes (more than a few hundreds of TB). See LTO tapes.

Floppy disk [ edit ]

Size comparing of a flash drive and a three.5-inch floppy deejay. The flash drive can concord most xi,380 times more data.

Floppy disk drives are rarely fitted to mod computers and are obsolete for normal purposes, although internal and external drives tin can exist fitted if required. Floppy disks may be the method of choice for transferring data to and from very erstwhile computers without USB or booting from floppy disks, and then they are sometimes used to modify the firmware on, for instance, BIOS chips. Devices with removable storage like older Yamaha music keyboards are also dependent on floppy disks, which require computers to procedure them. Newer devices are built with USB flash drive support.

Floppy deejay hardware emulators be which effectively utilize the internal connections and physical attributes of a floppy disk bulldoze to utilize a device where a USB flash drive emulates the storage space of a floppy deejay in a solid country form, and can be divided into a number of private virtual floppy disk images using individual data channels.

Optical media [ edit ]

The various writable and re-writable forms of CD and DVD are portable storage media supported by the vast majority of computers as of 2008. CD-R, DVD-R, and DVD+R tin be written to merely once, RW varieties up to well-nigh 1,000 erase/write cycles, while modern NAND-based flash drives often final for 500,000 or more erase/write cycles. DVD-RAM discs are the most suitable optical discs for data storage involving much rewriting.

Optical storage devices are among the cheapest methods of mass data storage afterwards the hard drive. They are slower than their flash-based counterparts. Standard 120 mm optical discs are larger than wink drives and more subject to impairment. Smaller optical media practice exist, such as business carte CD-Rs which accept the same dimensions as a credit card, and the slightly less convenient but higher capacity 80 mm recordable MiniCD and Mini DVD. The small discs are more expensive than the standard size, and do non work in all drives.

Universal Disk Format (UDF) version 1.50 and above has facilities to back up rewritable discs similar sparing tables and virtual allocation tables, spreading usage over the unabridged surface of a disc and maximising life, but many older operating systems practice not support this format. Packet-writing utilities such as DirectCD and InCD are available but produce discs that are not universally readable (although based on the UDF standard). The Mount Rainier standard addresses this shortcoming in CD-RW media past running the older file systems on acme of information technology and performing defect management for those standards, but it requires support from both the CD/DVD burner and the operating system. Many drives made today do not back up Mount Rainier, and many older operating systems such as Windows XP and below, and Linux kernels older than 2.6.2, do not support it (later versions do). Substantially CDs/DVDs are a good way to record a great deal of information cheaply and accept the reward of being readable by most standalone players, but they are poor at making ongoing small-scale changes to a large collection of information. Flash drives' power to practice this is their major reward over optical media.

Flash memory cards [ edit ]

Three different Micro Center-branded digital media, showing a USB flash drive, an SD carte du jour, and a Micro-SD card, all having a capacity of 8 GiB, next to a U.S five-cent coin for size comparison

Flash retentiveness cards, east.chiliad., Secure Digital cards, are available in various formats and capacities, and are used past many consumer devices. However, while almost all PCs have USB ports, allowing the apply of USB flash drives, memory carte readers are non usually supplied every bit standard equipment (particularly with desktop computers). Although cheap bill of fare readers are available that read many mutual formats, this results in 2 pieces of portable equipment (card plus reader) rather than 1.

Some manufacturers, aiming at a "best of both worlds" solution, take produced menu readers that approach the size and class of USB wink drives (e.g., Kingston MobileLite, [71] SanDisk MobileMate [72] ) These readers are limited to a specific subset of memory card formats (such as SD, microSD, or Memory Stick), and ofttimes completely enclose the card, offering immovability and portability approaching, if not quite equal to, that of a wink drive. Although the combined price of a mini-reader and a retentivity card is ordinarily slightly higher than a USB wink bulldoze of comparable chapters, the reader + bill of fare solution offers additional flexibility of use, and well-nigh "unlimited" capacity. The ubiquity of SD cards is such that, circa 2011, due to economies of scale, their price is now less than an equivalent-capacity USB flash drive, even with the added cost of a USB SD carte du jour reader.

An additional advantage of memory cards is that many consumer devices (e.g., digital cameras, portable music players) cannot make use of USB wink drives (fifty-fifty if the device has a USB port), whereas the memory cards used by the devices tin be read past PCs with a card reader.

External hard disk [ edit ]

Peculiarly with the advent of USB, external hard disks accept become widely available and inexpensive. External hard disk drive drives currently cost less per gigabyte than flash drives and are available in larger capacities. Some difficult drives back up alternative and faster interfaces than USB 2.0 (e.g., Thunderbolt, FireWire and eSATA). For consecutive sector writes and reads (for example, from an unfragmented file), most hard drives tin provide a much higher sustained information rate than current NAND flash retentiveness, though mechanical latencies seriously impact hard bulldoze performance.

Unlike solid-state memory, hard drives are susceptible to damage past shock (due east.1000., a curt fall) and vibration, have limitations on utilize at high altitude, and although they are shielded by their casings, they are vulnerable when exposed to strong magnetic fields. In terms of overall mass, hard drives are unremarkably larger and heavier than flash drives; however, difficult disks sometimes counterbalance less per unit of measurement of storage. Like flash drives, hard disks also suffer from file fragmentation, which tin reduce access speed[ citation needed ].

Obsolete devices [ edit ]

Audio record cassettes and high-capacity floppy disks (due east.g., Imation SuperDisk), and other forms of drives with removable magnetic media, such as the Iomega Cypher drive and Jaz drives, are now largely obsolete and rarely used. There are products in today's market that will emulate these legacy drives for both tape and disk (SCSI1/SCSI2, SASI, Magneto optic, Ricoh Zip, Jaz, IBM3590/ Fujitsu 3490E and Bernoulli for case) in state-of-the-art Compact Flash storage devices – CF2SCSI.

Encryption and security [ edit ]

As highly portable media, USB flash drives are hands lost or stolen. All USB flash drives can have their contents encrypted using third-political party deejay encryption software, which tin often exist run straight from the USB drive without installation (for example, FreeOTFE), although some, such equally BitLocker, require the user to have administrative rights on every computer it is run on.

Archiving software can reach a like consequence by creating encrypted ZIP or RAR files. [73] [74]

Some manufacturers have produced USB flash drives which utilise hardware-based encryption equally office of the design, [75] removing the need for 3rd-party encryption software. In limited circumstances these drives take been shown to have security problems, and are typically more than expensive than software-based systems, which are available for free.

A minority of flash drives support biometric fingerprinting to confirm the user'southward identity. Equally of mid-2005 [update] ,[ needs update ] this was an expensive alternative to standard password protection offered on many new USB wink storage devices. Most fingerprint scanning drives rely upon the host operating system to validate the fingerprint via a software commuter, often restricting the drive to Microsoft Windows computers. However, in that location are USB drives with fingerprint scanners which use controllers that allow admission to protected data without whatever authentication. [76]

Some manufacturers deploy physical authentication tokens in the course of a wink drive. These are used to command admission to a sensitive system by containing encryption keys or, more commonly, communicating with security software on the target machine. The system is designed and then the target machine will not operate except when the flash bulldoze device is plugged into it. Some of these "PC lock" devices also function equally normal flash drives when plugged into other machines.

Controversies [ edit ]

Criticisms [ edit ]

Failures [ edit ]

Like all flash memory devices, flash drives tin sustain simply a limited number of write and erase cycles before the drive fails. [77] [ unreliable source? ] [78] This should be a consideration when using a flash drive to run awarding software or an operating arrangement. To address this, as well as infinite limitations, some developers have produced special versions of operating systems (such as Linux in Live USB) [79] or commonplace applications (such as Mozilla Firefox) designed to run from flash drives. These are typically optimized for size and configured to identify temporary or intermediate files in the calculator'due south principal RAM rather than shop them temporarily on the flash drive.

When used in the aforementioned manner equally external rotating drives (hard drives, optical drives, or floppy drives), i.east. in ignorance of their technology, USB drives' failure is more than probable to be sudden: while rotating drives can fail instantaneously, they more than frequently give some indication (noises, slowness) that they are about to fail, often with enough accelerate alarm that data can be removed earlier full failure. USB drives give little or no accelerate warning of failure. Furthermore, when internal wear-leveling is applied to prolong life of the flash drive, once failure of even role of the memory occurs it can exist hard or impossible to utilize the remainder of the drive, which differs from magnetic media, where bad sectors can be marked permanently not to be used. [eighty]

Most USB flash drives do non include a write protection mechanism. This feature, which gradually became less mutual, consists of a switch on the housing of the drive itself, that prevents the host estimator from writing or modifying information on the drive. For example, write protection makes a device suitable for repairing virus-contaminated host computers without the take a chance of infecting a USB flash drive itself. In contrast to SD cards, write protection on USB wink drives (when available) is continued to the drive circuitry, and is handled by the drive itself instead of the host (on SD cards handling of the write-protection notch is optional).

A drawback to the small physical size of flash drives is that they are easily misplaced or otherwise lost. This is a item problem if they comprise sensitive data (encounter information security). Every bit a event, some manufacturers accept added encryption hardware to their drives, although software encryption systems which tin can be used in conjunction with any mass storage medium will achieve the same outcome. Near drives can be attached to keychains or lanyards. The USB plug is usually retractable or fitted with a removable protective cap.

Robustness [ edit ]

Most USB-based flash engineering integrates a printed excursion board with a metal tip, which is just soldered on. As a event, the stress point is where the two pieces join. The quality control of some manufacturers does non ensure a proper solder temperature, farther weakening the stress betoken. [81] [82] Since many flash drives stick out from computers, they are likely to be bumped repeatedly and may break at the stress signal. Most of the time, a break at the stress signal tears the articulation from the printed circuit board and results in permanent damage. However, some manufacturers produce discreet wink drives that do not stick out, and others utilise a solid metal or plastic uni-body that has no easily discernible stress point. SD cards serve as a good culling to USB drives since they can be inserted flush.

Security threats [ edit ]

USB killer [ edit ]

In advent similar to a USB flash drive, a USB killer is a excursion that charges up capacitors to a high voltage using the power supply pins of a USB port and then discharges high voltage pulses onto the data pins. This completely standalone device tin can instantly and permanently impairment or destroy any host hardware that it is connected to. [83]

"Flash Drives for Freedom" [ edit ]

The New York-based Human Rights Foundation collaborated with Forum 280 and USB Retentivity Straight to launch the "Flash Drives for Liberty" plan. [84] [85] The program was created in 2016 to smuggle flash drives with American and South Korean movies and tv shows, as well as a copy of the Korean Wikipedia, into Northward Korea to spread pro-Western sentiment. [86] [87]

Current and future developments [ edit ]

The internals of a 32 GB Toshiba USB iii.0 flash bulldoze. The USB 3.0 standard is becoming increasingly popular. This drive has a write speed of 60 MB/s and a read speed of 120 MB/southward, making it faster than the USB 2.0 standard.

Semiconductor corporations accept worked to reduce the price of the components in a wink bulldoze by integrating various flash bulldoze functions in a single chip, thereby reducing the part-count and overall package-cost.

Flash drive capacities on the market increase continually. Loftier speed has become a standard for modern flash drives. Capacities exceeding 256 GB were available on the market place equally early equally 2009. [69]

Lexar is attempting to introduce a USB FlashCard , which would exist a compact USB wink drive intended to replace diverse kinds of wink memory cards. Pretec introduced a like card, which as well plugs into whatever USB port, but is just one quarter the thickness of the Lexar model. [88] Until 2008, SanDisk manufactured a product chosen SD Plus, which was a SecureDigital menu with a USB connector. [89]

SanDisk has also introduced a new technology to allow controlled storage and usage of copyrighted materials on flash drives, primarily for use by students. This technology is termed FlashCP.

Run into also [ edit ]

Notes [ edit ]

  1. ^ Jumpdrive is a Lexar trademark. [2] Less common names are disk key, disk on key (after the original Thou-Systems DiskOnKey bulldoze from 2000), [3] flash stick, gig stick, retention stick (not to be confused with the Sony Memory Stick), pen drive, USB drive, USB cardinal, USB memory, or USB stick. For an incomplete listing of culling names, encounter the list of redirects to this article.

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